fix(ci): stamp version into daily docker images

[v-scharf]

Since d0a0922e89 the docker build context moved from ".." to ".", which activated the repo-root .dockerignore that excludes .git.
Without .git the Makefile's git rev-parse --short HEAD fails ("fatal: not a git repository") and version.String stays empty, so every daily image reports the fallback LatestTag and looks unchanged.

Pass STRING/VERSION/EDITION as build args into the docker build instead of relying on git inside the build context.

[codacy-production]

Up to standards ✅

🟢 Issues 0 issues

Results:
0 new issues

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🟢 Coverage ∅ diff coverage · +0.00% coverage variation

Metric	Results
Coverage variation	✅ +0.00% coverage variation (-1.00%)
Diff coverage	✅ ∅ diff coverage

View coverage diff in Codacy

Coverage variation details

	Coverable lines	Covered lines	Coverage
Common ancestor commit (716922f)	84012	19270	22.94%
Head commit (63f9697)	84012 (+0)	19270 (+0)	22.94% (+0.00%)

Coverage variation is the difference between the coverage for the head and common ancestor commits of the pull request branch: <coverage of head commit> - <coverage of common ancestor commit>

Diff coverage details

	Coverable lines	Covered lines	Diff coverage
Pull request (#3291)	0	0	∅ (not applicable)

Diff coverage is the percentage of lines that are covered by tests out of the coverable lines that the pull request added or modified: <covered lines added or modified>/<coverable lines added or modified> * 100%

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